Mapping The Eye Tracking Application To Assess Students’ Metacognitive Skills In Chemistry Learning

Authors

  • Khairiatul Muna Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
  • Muhammad Bahit Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18592/tarbiyah.v15i1.15310

Keywords:

chemistry learning, eye tracking, learning application, metacognitive skill

Abstract

Metacognitive skills impact learning in a variety of significant and tangible ways, including problem solving. A method that may be employed to assess problem-solving and metacognitive skills is the eye tracking method. The purpose of this research is to conduct systematic analysis and to map the application of eye tracking in chemistry learning, including its relationship to metacognition and problem-solving skills. Thus, it is anticipated that a greater comprehension of how to use the eye tracking and how it has been applied. This research was conducted using the bibliometric method with the assistance of Publish or Perish (PoP), Zotero, and VOSviewer software. The analysis of the data was conducted qualitatively and quantitatively descriptively. Fifty-five (55) articles were analyzed through the utilization of VOSviewer. The results indicate that there is a scarcity of Scopus-indexed journal articles that detail research on the application of eye tracking for assessing metacognitive skills in chemistry learning (in one study). It is therefore imperative to undertake additional research and disseminate the findings. The primary objective of additional research is to ascertain the efficacy of eye tracking. The findings of the analysis also yielded a comprehensive synopsis of the procedures employed in eye tracking for educational purposes, encompassing both chemistry and non-chemistry domains. Additionally, eye tracking has the capability to systematically and comprehensively delineate, examine, and define the learning process, encompassing the application of metacognitive skills in problem solving and learning.

References

Administrator, P. (2020, March 17). Eye-tracking for diverse and advanced learning techniques in chemistry education. Innovative Learning Center. https://www.ilearningcenter.education/eye-tracking-for-diverse-learning-advanced-learning-techniques-in-chemistry-education/

Antonietti, A., Colombo, B., & Di Nuzzo, C. (2015). Metacognition in self-regulated multimedia learning: Integrating behavioural, psychophysiological and introspective measures. Learning, Media and Technology, 40(2), 187–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2014.933112

Arami, M., & Wiyarsi, A. (2020). The student metacognitive skills and achievement in chemistry learning: Correlation study. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1567(4), 042005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1567/4/042005

Ayaz, N., Ghafar, A., Idris, M., & Ayaz, S. (2023). Improving classroom learning environment for enhancing reading comprehension through metacognitive strategies. Russian Law Journal, 11(5),. https://doi.org/10.52783/rlj.v11i5.2652

Chauliac, M., Catrysse, L., Gijbels, D., & Donche, V. (2020). It is all in the surv-eye: Can eye tracking data shed light on the internal consistency in self-report questionnaires on cognitive processing strategies? Frontline Learning Research, 8(3),. https://doi.org/10.14786/flr.v8i3.489

Covington, M. (2009). Self-worth theory: Retrospection and prospects. In Handbook of motivation at school (pp. 141–169). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203879498

da Silva Soares, R., Lukasova, K., Carthery-Goulart, M. T., & Sato, J. R. (2021). Student’s perspective and teachers’ metacognition: Applications of eye-tracking in education and scientific research in schools. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 673615. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.673615

Duchowski, A. T., & Duchowski, A. (2007). Eye tracking methodology: Theory and practice (2. ed). Springer.

Ellegaard, O., & Wallin, J. A. (2015). The bibliometric analysis of scholarly production: How great is the impact? Scientometrics, 105(3), 1809–1831. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-015-1645-z

Fahimnia, B., Sarkis, J., & Davarzani, H. (2015). Green supply chain management: A review and bibliometric analysis. International Journal of Production Economics, 162, 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.01.003

Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34(10), 906–911. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.34.10.906

Gilbert, J. K., & Treagust, D. F. (2009). Introduction: macro, submicro and symbolic representations and the relationship between them: key models in chemical education. In J. K. Gilbert & D. Treagust (Eds.), Multiple Representations in Chemical Education (pp. 1–8). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8872-8_1

Gotardi, G. C., Rodrigues, S. T., Barbieri, F. A., Brito, M. B., Bonfim, J. V. A., & Polastri, P. F. (2020). Wearing a head-mounted eye tracker may reduce body sway. Neuroscience Letters, 722, 134799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134799

Guabassi, I. E., Bousalem, Z., Achhab, M. A., Jellouli, I., & Mohajir, B. E. E. (2019). Identifying learning style through eye tracking technology in adaptive learning systems. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 9(5),. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i5.pp4408-4416

Hansen, S. J. R., & VandenPlas, J. R. (2018). Eye tracking in chemistry education research: study logistics. In Eye Tracking for the Chemistry Education Researcher (Vol. 1292, pp. 11–23). American Chemical Society. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2018-1292.ch002

Hanuscin, S. K. A., Ken Appleton, Deborah (Ed.). (2007). Handbook of research on science education. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203824696

Havanki, K. L., & VandenPlas, J. R. (2014a). Eye tracking methodology for chemistry education research. In D. M. Bunce & R. S. Cole (Eds.), ACS Symposium Series (Vol. 1166, pp. 191–218). American Chemical Society. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2014-1166.ch011

Havanki, K. L., & VandenPlas, J. R. (2014b). Eye tracking methodology for chemistry education research. In D. M. Bunce & R. S. Cole (Eds.), ACS Symposium Series (Vol. 1166, pp. 191–218). American Chemical Society. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2014-1166.ch011

Holmqvist, K., Nyström, M., Andersson, R., Dewhurst, R., Halszka, J., & van de Weijer, J. (2011). Eye Tracking: A Comprehensive Guide to Methods and Measures. Oxford University Press.

Horsley, M., Eliot, M., Knight, B. A., & Reilly, R. (Eds.). (2014). Current trends in eye tracking research. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02868-2

Hyrskykari, A., Ovaska, S., Majaranta, P., Räihä, K.-J., & Lehtinen, M. (2008). Gaze path stimulation in retrospective think-aloud. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 2(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.2.4.5

Ijirana, I., & Supriadi, S. (2018). Metacognitive skill profiles of chemistry education students in solving problem at low ability level. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 7(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v7i2.14266

Jarodzka, H. M., Holmqvist, K., & Gruber, H. (2017). Eye tracking in Educational Science: Theoretical frameworks and research agendas. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 10(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.10.1.3

Jessica R. VandenPlas, Sarah J. R. Hansen, & Steven Cullipher (Eds.). (2018). Eye tracking for the chemistry education researcher. In Eye Tracking for the Chemistry Education Researcher (Vol. 1292, pp. i–v). American Chemical Society. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2018-1292.fw001

Land & Tatler. (2009). Looking and Acting: Vision and Eye Movements in Natural Behaviour. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570943.001.0001

Liu, X., & Cui, Y. (2025). Eye tracking technology for examining cognitive processes in education: A systematic review. Computers & Education, 229, 105263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2025.105263

Mikhailenko, M., Maksimenko, N., & Kurushkin, M. (2022). Eye-tracking in immersive virtual reality for education: a review of the current progress and applications. Frontiers in Education, 7, 697032. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.697032

Muna, K., & Bahit, M. (2020). Eye-tracking and metacognitive skills: A review on the use of eye-tracking for measuring students’ metacognitive skills in chemistry learning. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1422(1), 012033. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1422/1/012033

Muna, K., Haryani, S., & Susilaningsih, E. (2016). Pengaruh guided inquiry learning terhadap keterampilan metakognisi siswa dalam materi kelarutan dan hasil kali kelarutan. Journal of Innovative Science Education. http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/jise

Muna, K., Sanjaya, R. E., & Bakti, I. (2017). Metacognitive skills and students ’ motivation toward chemical equilibrium problem solving ability: A correlational study on students of XI IPA SMAN 2 Banjarmasin Metacognitive Skills and Students ’ Motivation toward Chemical Equilibrium Problem Solving . 020008.

Muna, K., Sanjaya, R. E., Syahmani, & Bakti, I. (2017). Metacognitive skills and students’ motivation toward chemical equilibrium problem solving ability: A correlational study on students of XI IPA SMAN 2 Banjarmasin. 020008. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5016001

Negi, S., & Mitra, R. (2020). Fixation duration and the learning process: An eye tracking study with subtitled videos. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 13(6). https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.13.6.1

Nuzulia, Hasan, M., & Ismayani, A. (2018). Assessing conceptual and algorithmic understanding of students in senior high school. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1088, 012092. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1088/1/012092

Rad, M. R. (2012). The relationship between meta cognition and students training-learning process. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 11(8), 1095–1099.

Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124(3), 372–422. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.372

Rayner, K. (2009). Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(8), 1457–1506. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210902816461

Reuters, T. (2008). Using Bibliometrics: A guide to evaluating research performance with citation data. Thomson Reuters, 12.

Saemah, R., & John Arul, P. (2006). Hubungan antara kesedaran metakognisi , motivasi dan pencapaian akademik pelajar universiti. Jurnal Pendidikan, 31, 21–39.

Sanium, S. J., & Buaraphan, K. (2021). Ninth-grade students’ metacognitive experience from learning with the metacognitive experience learning box in the equilibrium of moments. The International Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Learning, 28(1), 41–59. https://doi.org/10.18848/2327-7971/CGP/v28i01/41-59

Sanjaya, R. E., Muna, K., Suharto, B., & Syahmani. (2017). Self-directed questions to improve students’ ability in solving chemical problems. 020009. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5016002

Schraw, G., & Dennison, R. S. (1994). Assessing metacognitive awareness. Contemporary educational psychology, 19(4), 460–475.

Sharma, K., Giannakos, M., & Dillenbourg, P. (2020). Eye-tracking and artificial intelligence to enhance motivation and learning. Smart Learning Environments, 7(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-020-00122-x

Sirhan, G. (2007). Learning difficulties in chemistry: An overview. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 4(2).

Sommer, S., Hinojosa, L., Polman, J., & Sommer, S. (2016). Utilizing eye tracking technology to promote students’ meta- cognitive awareness of visual STEM Literacy. International Conference of the Learning Sciences 2016, 2, 1231–1232. https://scholar.colorado.edu/concern/conference_proceedings/2227mq38r

Sulasih, S., Sarwanto, S., & Suparmi, S. (2018). Physics learning with metacognitive approach through problem based learning (PBL) and reciprocal learning (RL) model wiewed from students’ critical thinking skill. International Journal of Pedagogy and Teacher Education, 2, 9. https://doi.org/10.20961/ijpte.v2i0.19896

Syahmani, S., E. Hafizah, A. Sholahuddin, Y. D. Prasetyo, & N. F. A. Rahman. (2023). Metacognitive conceptual change (MCC) learning model: improving students’ conceptual change through metacognitive skills, motivation, and scientific knowledge.

Tobii. (2023). Learning & education—teaching using eye tracking. Eye tracking and understanding learning processes. https://www.tobii.com/solutions/scientific-research/learning-and-education

Tóthová, M., Rusek, M., & Chytrý, V. (2021). Students’ procedure when solving problem tasks based on the periodic table: An eye-tracking study. Journal of Chemical Education, 98(6), 1831–1840. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.1c00167

Vandenplas, J. (2019, April 25). How eye tracking can inform discipline based educational research. How Eye Tracking Can Inform Discipline Based Educational Research. https://www.tobii.com/blog/how-eye-tracking-informs-chemistry-education

Velasco, B., Eiros, J. M., Pinilla, J. M., & San Román, J. a. (2012). La utilización de los indicadores bibliométricos para evaluar la actividad investigadora. Aula Abierta, 40(2), 75–84.

Visser, R., & Flynn, A. B. (2018). What are students’ learning and experiences in an online learning tool designed for cognitive and metacognitive skill development? Collected Essays on Learning and Teaching, 11. https://doi.org/10.22329/celt.v11i0.5039

Wang, Y., Lu, S., & Harter, D. (2021). Towards Collaborative and Intelligent Learning Environments Based on Eye Tracking Data and Learning Analytics: A Survey. IEEE Access, 9, 137991–138002. IEEE Access. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3117780

Wibowo, E.K. (2021, July 22). Perbandingan vosviewer stand alone (offline) dengan versi online. Eric kunto aribowo. https://www.erickunto.com/2021/07/perbandingan-vosviewer-stand-alone-dengan-versi-online.html

Downloads

Published

2026-06-11

How to Cite

Muna, K., & Bahit, M. (2026). Mapping The Eye Tracking Application To Assess Students’ Metacognitive Skills In Chemistry Learning. Tarbiyah : Jurnal Ilmiah Kependidikan, 15(1), 21–40. https://doi.org/10.18592/tarbiyah.v15i1.15310

Issue

Section

Articles