Code-Switching Among Arab Descent and Sundanese Societies

The purpose of this qualitative case study is to conduct an analysis of the code patterns in verbal communication along with factors of bilingual communication expression. Methods of data collection include notetaking and careful listening to what is being said. Data was analyzed using the steps of data reduction, data display, and conclusion. The findings show that there are 12 patterns of code switching and 7 patterns of code mixing in verbal communication. Factors that contribute to these patterns include the same mother tongue background, the speakers' desire to use correct diction, and the habits and flexibility of speech act participants in communicating. According to the findings, to effectively communicate in a bilingual setting, it is essential to understand both the literal and figurative meanings of the words being used. The scope of this investigation is restricted to language code patterns in preparation for a more exhaustive forthcoming study focusing on the historical linguistics of Arabic usage.


Introduction
The interaction of language as a culture has occurred between Sundanese and Arab descendants in Pasar Rebo Purwakarta.Cultural contact that occurs can lead to cooperation and opposition.Language as a national identity becomes a magnet for its speakers to have a loyal and proud attitude 1 toward the mother tongue even though he is not living in their country of birth.Similar to the people of Arab descent in Pasar Rebo, in some linguistic interactions, they are loyal and proud to use Arabic vocabulary when communicating with the Sundanese people.
Arabic words that are often used in interactions between buyers and merchants are "kam".Meanwhile, young people of Arab descent usually use Arabic in.futhur, ghodaa, and asya words.In addition, in certain situations, people of Arabs descent use a variety of fusha in wedding speeches.Patterns of social behavior were immediately formed, and there was a mixture of Sundanese and Arabic customs.
The phenomenon of the exchange of Arabic style to Sundanese style in one interaction that occurs in the communication of people of Arab descent and Sundanese society can be studied in sociolinguistic on the aspects of code-switching and code-mixing 2 .Sociolinguistics seeks to analyze the relationship between the embodiment of language structure and sociocultural factors of language speakers 3 .Sociocultural factors of speakers and speech opponents can support the exchange or transition of the use of Arabic vocabulary used by people of Arabic descent with Sundanese Language researchers with the object of study of Arabic 5 , Object of Study Indonesian 6 , and the object of study of the Sundanese Language 7 .From several existing studies, an in-depth study of the variations and forms of code-switching and code-mixing that occur in the communication of people of Arab descent with the Sundanese people in Pasar Rebo is still needed, especially the dialogue to build and understand the meaning expressed by speakers. 5Rahmawati Rahmawati and Suci Ramadhanti Febriani, " 10 Rani Sri Wahyuni, "Perbandingan Pelesapan Segmen Bunyi Kosa Kata Bahasa Sunda dengan Bahasa Indonesia di Kabupaten Purwakarta," Metabasa: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pembelajaran 1, no. 1 (2019); Siti Sarah Rahmawati, "Orang Arab di Indonesia: Pengaruh Kehadiran Orang Arab terhadap Ekonomi di Cipanas-Cianjur  (1991-2000)" (UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, 2020).cooperation.Social contact can also be negative, if it leads to a conflict or even does not produce an interaction at all.
The selection of the Pasar Rebo area, Purwakarta Regency, as a research location for the use of Arabic with a sociolinguistic review is based on the environment of Rebo Market is a trading center that is dominated by ethnic Arabs and Sundanese11 .They owned the store for generations, rarely transferring ownership of the store to other parties which came from outside Rebo Market.The Arab descent community in Pasar Rebo is one of the actors in the field of industry and trade in Purwakarta.The need to communicate and socialize in terms of industry and trade requires mastery of Indonesian and Sundanese as the language of non-Arab speech communities.On the other hand, people of Arab descent still maintain Arabic as their mother tongue.This research departs from the assumption that the process of understanding meaning between the communication of two different speakers will lead to errors in understanding the meaning conveyed.Miscommunication that occurs will have a negative impact on social interaction between speakers and speech opponents.In this case, the researcher assumes that with sociolinguistic analysis, variations in the form of code-switching and code-mixing will be revealed as well as the process of understanding meaning in communication between peoples of Arab descent and Sundanese society.Therefore, this study aims to find and analyze variations in the form of code-switching, code-mixing, and understanding meaning in the communication of people of Arab descent and the Sundanese community in Pasar Rebo.

Method
This type of research is a qualitative descriptive case study on people of Arab descent and Sundanese society in Pasar Rebo Purwakarta.The data collection technique in this study used the record and listened method.The data analysis techniques used are in the form of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing 12 Code-switching, code-mixing, and sociolinguistic analysis adapt the Simpuruh research framework (Simpuruh et al., 2020). 13An analysis flow model and an interactive analysis model were used to carry out the data analysis technique.
Analysis in qualitative research has three major components: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drafting with verification 14 .An interactive analytical approach was used in this work.Essentially, the interactive analysis model is a cyclical process, which means that during the data collection activities, the researcher moves back and forth between the three components of the analysis and the data collection process.Following the completion of data collection, the researcher uses the available time to travel between the three components of the analysis.

Result and Discussion
In this study, there were 12 utterances in everyday conversations that were identified as code-switching in various settings.The utterances are used in casual variety-type conversations, because this speech only records daily life with formal and informal activities.In the Indonesian to Arabic code-switching sentence there

School
There are several forms of mixing Arabic codes in everyday speech obtained from the results of listening and identifying.The conversation data in this speech that contains mixed Arabic codes are classified as mixed forms of code at the word level.Mixing codes at the word level is an event in a conversation there is an insertion in the form of a word state form from one language to another language.
For example, in a conversation with Indonesian speakers or speech partners, insert words in a foreign language or regional language.However, in this study, the researcher only discussed the mixing of Arabic codes in Indonesian and mixing Arabic codes in Sundanese.The mixed form of code at the level has a total of 7 utterances. Tabel

Daily
The speaker in table 1 of utterance 1 is a person who is greeting one of his neighbors.In his speech, it can be seen that there is a language transition from Indonesian to Arabic at the level of sentence switching.Initially, speaker 1 used the phrase Indonesian "Brother Iman ya?", then the utterance switched to the Arabic sentence ‫جدا"‬ ‫جميل‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫شا‬ ‫"ما‬ (Maa syaa Allah, It's so beautiful), which is included in that code switch.These sentences are thrown out by Speaker 1 because of the background of the language of the speech partner who has a mother tongue, namely Arabic, and speaks with a speech opponent who understands Arabic.
The code-switching from Indonesian to Arabic in this study occurred due to speech events caused by pleasantries.Initially, the conversation took place using Indonesian because of the pleasantries factor in greeting the Arabic speaking partners so that Speaker 1 continued to use Arabic (Maa shaa Allah, Jamil jiddan) because Speaker 2 came from the Arab community.
Utterance 2 of table 1, shows the code-switching events performed by ustadz.
Speakers initially used Indonesian later switched to Arabic because of the situation in shorof lessons (tasrifan and I'lal).The redirect event is marked in the sentence udzkur (mention it, please!), and speaker 2 replied, "Ubdhilatin wawu alifan limanfutikhimaqablaha fashara ghaza" (Wawu was replaced by alif because the previous letter was fathah, then it became ghaza).These sentences are thrown out by Speaker 1 because of the background of the language of the speech partner, who has the mother tongue, which is Arabic and speaks with a speech opponent who understands Arabic.
The code-switching of Indonesian to Arabic in this study occurred due to the event factor of educated speakers.At the speech was an ustadz who was conducting lessons to his students.The factor that influenced the ustadz to switch codes from Indonesian to Arabic was that the Ustadz had a high education, so he had broad insight into teaching Arabic accordingly.
Speaker 1 in table 1 utterance 3 shows speaker 1 starting a conversation using assalamu'alaikum.This greeting is commonly used by Muslims when starting a conversation.Then Speaker 1 continued by asking Speaker 2 how they were doing using the Arabic sentence "Assalamu'alaikum, Bib.Keif?".Speaker 1 also used the greeting word Bib, in honor.Speaker 2 answers the greeting from Speaker 1 with an equivalent sentence and turns to ask the state of Speaker 1 using the Arabic sentence"Wa'alaikumsalam, ane kheer.Ente keif?".The events in table 1 speech 3 occur during the wedding process.They exchanged news by using sentences in Arabic because the conversation used a familiar variety.After that, the conversation shifted to the information that Speaker 1 was getting married using Indonesian.These sentences were uttered by Speaker 1 because the background of the speech partner is of Arabic descent so that he speaks with speech partners of Arabic descent as well.The transition of Arabic codes to Indonesian in this study occurred due to a factor, namely speech events caused by lip service factors.Initially, the conversation took place using Arabic because of the pleasantries of greeting fellow Arabs using Arabic.The conversation that initially used Arabic turned into a conversation with Indonesian.
In conversation 4, Table 1 occurs in the realm of work when a buyer of a society of Arab descent bids on the seller's merchandise.It can be seen in the conversation that there was a code switch from Arabic, namely Ummi (mother) and kam (how many), to Indonesian.The speech event occurs in a familiar variety because the situation between the speaker and the speech partner is a situation of familiarity.These sentences are thrown out by Speaker 1, who has a background in the language of the speech partner with a mother tongue, namely Arabic, and speaks with a speech opponent who understands Arabic.This study's transition from Arabic codes to Indonesian occurred due to a factor: speech events caused by habitual factors.The factor that influences the occurrence of code switching in speech events (4) is the familiarity factor of the speaker with the speech partner.This occurs in conversations between speakers and speech partners who are more familiar because the two already know each other.
In conversation 5, table 1 occurs in the realm of learning, a female student asks about Arabic lessons in class.It can be seen in the conversation that there was a code switch from Arabic madza darsul aan (What is our study, now?) to Indonesian.
The speech event occurs in a familiar variety because the situation between the speaker and the speech partner is a situation of familiarity.These sentences are thrown out by Speaker 1 because of the background of the language of the speech partner who has a mother tongue, namely Arabic, and speaks with a speech opponent who understands Arabic.
The transition of Arabic codes to Indonesian in this study occurred due to a factor, namely speech events, caused by the learned speaker factor.At the speech was an ustadz who was conducting lessons for his students.The factor that influenced the ustadz to switch codes from Indonesian to Arabic was that the Ustadz had a high education, so he had broad insight into teaching Arabic accordingly.
In conversation 6, table 1, a question is posed by a Sundanese to his Arab friend.It can be seen in the conversation that there was a code switch from Sundanese to Arabic, namely Kholas Futhur (having breakfast) and Kholas (already).
The speech event occurs in a familiar variety because the situation between the speaker and the speech partner is a situation of familiarity.The sentences were thrown out by speaker 1 because of the background of the Sundanese and talking to the opposite speech with an Arab background.The factor of switching the code from Sundanese to Arabic in this study occurred due to a specific aspect, namely a speech event caused by the desire to show self-identity as an Arab.In this event, the conversation started with Sundanese and then switched to Arabic because the speakers wanted to show their identity as people of Arab descent.
In conversation 7, table 1 appears in a sentence spoken by an Arab to his Sundanese friend.It can be seen in the conversation that there is a code switch from Sundanese to Arabic, namely Shohib ente (your friend).The speech event occurs in a familiar variety because the situation between the speaker and the speech partner is a situation of familiarity.These sentences are thrown out by Speaker 1 because of the background of the language of the speech partner who has a mother tongue, namely Arabic, and speaks with Sundanese speech opponents who understand Arabic.The factor that influences the occurrence of code switching in speech events 7 is the familiarity factor of the with the speech partner.This occurs in conversations between speakers and speech partners who are more familiar because the two already know each other.
In conversation 8, table 1 appears in a sentence spoken by a person of Arab descent to his Sundanese friend, who understands Arabic.It can be seen in the conversation that there was a code switch from Sundanese to Arabic, namely Kalam Katir (talkative).The speech event occurs in a familiar variety because the situation between the speaker and the speech partner is a situation of familiarity.These sentences are thrown out by Speaker 1 because of the background of the language of the speech partner who has a mother tongue, namely Arabic, and speaks with a speech opponent who understands Arabic.The factor that influences the occurrence of code switching in speech events (8) is the familiarity factor of the speaker with the speech partner.This occurs in conversations between speakers and speech partners who are more familiar because the two already know each other.
In conversation 9, table 1 appears in a sentence spoken by a person of Arab descent to his Sundanese friend who understands Arabic.It can be seen in the conversation that there was a change of code from Sundanese to Arabic, namely Fulus (money).The speech event occurs in a familiar variety because the situation between the speaker and the speech partner is a situation of familiarity.These sentences are thrown out by Speaker 1 because of the background of the language of the speech partner who has a mother tongue, namely Arabic, and speaks with a speech opponent who understands Arabic.The factor that influences the occurrence of code switching in speech events (9) is the familiarity factor of the speaker with the speech partner.This occurs in conversations between speakers and speech partners who are more familiar because the two already know each other.
In conversation 10 in table 1, a resident of Arab descent is talking to his Sundanese relative.The theme of this conversation was to ask the whereabouts of Fathimah, who was going to Jogja.The conversation takes place in an informal variety when the speaker expresses with Arabic sentences ruuh Jogja (You have to go to Jogja!).Then there was a change of language code when the speech partner asked using Sundanese, "Hah jeung saha?Kamari peuting masih panggih".These sentences are thrown out by Speaker 1 because of the background of the language of the speech partner who has a mother tongue, namely Arabic, and speaks with Sundanese speech opponents who understand Arabic.The transition of the Arabic code to Sundanese in this study occurred due to a factor, namely speech events caused by habitual factors.The factor influencing the occurrence of code-switching in speech events 10 is the habitual factor carried out by speakers in everyday conversation and familiarity because speakers and speech partners know each other.
The speaker in utterance 11 of table 1 is a umi who asks his relatives, the Sundanese, who are passing in front of the house.It can be seen in the sentence that there was a code switch from Arabic, namely Ila Fein (where to go), to Sundanese.The relationship between the speaker and the speech partner in the speech event has familiarity.These sentences are thrown out by Speaker 1 because of the background of the language of the speech partner who has a mother tongue, namely Arabic, and speaks with Sundanese speech opponents who understand Arabic.The transition of the Arabic code to Sundanese in this study occurred due to a factor, namely speech events caused by habitual factors.The factor influencing the occurrence of code-switching in speech events 11 is the habitual factor carried out by speakers in everyday conversation and familiarity because speakers and speech partners know each other.
The speaker in utterance 12 of table 1 is a female student who asks her relatives who are sitting in front of the house.It can be seen in the conversation that there was a code switch from Arabic, namely Anti Limadza? (why are you?) to Sundanese.The relationship between the speaker and the speech partner in the speech event has familiarity.These sentences are thrown out by Speaker 1 because of the background of the language of the speech partner who has a mother tongue, namely Arabic, and speaks with Sundanese speech opponents who understand Arabic.The transition of the Arabic code to Sundanese in this study occurred due to a factor, namely speech events caused by habitual factors.The factor influencing the occurrence of code-switching in speech events 12 is the chronic factor that speakers do in everyday conversation and familiarity because the speakers and speech partners know each other.
Speech events 1 table 2 contains code-mixing events at the word level, as there are several Arabic words inserted by speaker 2 and Speaker 1 in the conversation.In the conversation, Speaker 2 inserted the word tadz, which means Ustadz in Indonesian, and has the meaning of "teacher".The term has become customary for Speaker 2 to call a friend who is perceived to have a higher degree, and Speaker 2 intends to respect him.Then Speaker 1 also inserts words in the form of ana (me), khalas (already), baet (house).
As for the event said 2 table 2 occurs between people of Arab descent and neighbors of the Sundanese in a familiar variety.The relationship between the speaker and the speech partner in the speech event has familiarity as a neighbor.
The speech event contains a code-mixing event at the word level because several Arabic words are inserted by speaker 1 and speaker 2 in the conversation.In the conversation, Speaker 1 inserted the word tadz, which means Ustadz in Indonesian, and has the meaning of "teacher".The term has become customary for Speaker 1 to call a friend who is perceived to have a higher degree, and Speaker 1 intends to respect him.Then Speaker 2 also inserted a word in the form of bakhil, which means in Indonesian stingy.
The events of speech 3 Table 2 occurred in the familiar variety between the brothers of the people of Arab descent.Speaker 1 informed his sister that his younger brother Speaker 2 was being sought by his father using the phrase "Bib, dicari Abah."The relationship of relatives as brothers and sisters creates an intimate atmosphere that occurs in the events of the speech.The event contains a codemixing event at the word level because there are several words in Arabic inserted by speaker 1 and speaker 2 in the conversation.In the conversation, Speaker 1 inserted the word bib, which means Habib in Indonesian, the meaning of "my love," an honorary title addressed to the descendants of the Prophet Muhammad.The word has become customary for Speaker 1 to call his brother to honor him.Then Speaker 1 also inserted the word baet which means house in Indonesian.And Speaker 2 also inserted a word that is in the form of fein, which means " where " in Indonesian.
Conversation fragment 4 table 2 includes code mix at the word level because in the first sentence spoken by Speaker 1 there is a word insertion in the form of the word "famous" which means "terkenal", then speaker 2 also inserts the word "ajib" which means "good".Conversation 5 tables 2 contains code-mixing events at the word level because several Arabic words were inserted by speaker 1 and Speaker 2 in the conversation.In the conversation, Speaker 1 inserted the word fulus, which means Indonesian money.Speaker 2 inserted the word tadz, which means ustadz in Indonesian has the meaning of "teacher".The term has become customary for Speaker 2 to call the one perceived to have a higher degree, and Speaker 2 intends to respect it.
The events of speech 6 of table 2 occurred in a variety of people of Arab descent talking on the porch of the house.The sentence contains a code-mix event at the word level because there is an Arabic word inserted by speaker 1 in the conversation.In the conversation, speaker 1 inserted the word "haul" which in Indonesian means "recitation".The word has become a habit for speaker 1 in the daily.
The events of speech 7 table 2 occur in the familiar variety when a society of Arab descent is talking in front of the house to let in.The conversation contains code-mixing events at the word level because several Arabic words are inserted by Speaker 1 and Speaker 2. In the conversation, Speaker 1 inserted the word ahlan wa sahlan, which in Indonesian has the meaning of "welcome" and baet, which in Indonesian has the meaning home.The word has become a habit for Speaker 1 in greeting guests.Then Speaker 2 also inserted a word in the form of a syukron which in Indonesian means thank you.The factor that causes the interplay of codes in this speech event is the factor of the ongoing topic of conversation.
2 utterances.In the Arabic to Indonesian code-switching sentence there are 3 utterances, in the Sundanese to Arabic code-switching sentence there are 4 utterances, and the Arabic to Sundanese sentence there are 3 utterances.