LET: Linguistics, Literature and English Teaching Journal

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This research focuses on the use of onomatopoeia in the Tintin comic. This study aims at describing the types of onomatopoeia in Tintin comic. This is a descriptive qualitative research. The data of this research are onomatopoeic forms found in Tintin comics. The data sources of this research are 3 Tintin comics, namely Tintin in the Tibet, Tintin and the Alph-Art, and Tintin and Picaros. To collect the data, the writers use documentation (Tintin comic) and content analysis. Data analysis in this study consists of three stages such as data reduction, data display, and conclusion. There are 51 data of onomatopoeia. The writers find there are 3 types of onomatopoeia; phonomime onomatopoeia (29), phenomim onomatopoeia (12), and psychomime onomatopoeia (10). The phonomime onomatopoeia is the most dominant onomatopoeia found.

INTRODUCTION
Om Telolet Om… Maybe some of us still remember that expression. The phrase that appeared at the end of 2016 and early 2017 were very familiar and even became viral in cyberspace and among the public, especially those who claim to be the Bis Mania community, even this phenomenon has reached foreign countries.
Om Telolet Om started from the habit of children around the Jepara-Kudus highway asking the bus driver they call Om to sound the bus horn, and it turns out that the horn sound is not just a "tin-tin" but sounds like a telolet sound. Actually, the children initially mentioned Om Klakson Om so that the driver sounded the horn and coincidentally the sound of the bus usually resembled the sound of In simple terms, onomatopoeia is a word or group of words imitating the sound associated with what is described. The sounds that are imitated are not only animal sounds, nature sounds, but also human voices. In everyday life, there are many words that imitate the sound produced by an object in real life. For example, the sound of the telephone ringing, the sound of the horn (tin-tin, din din). In addition, there are also sounds that are imitated by animal sounds such as the sound of dogs (woof), the sound of the cat (meow) and so on are known as onomatopoeia (Chang, 2018).
The use of onomatopoeia is often found in comics instead of other media.
In comics, onomatopoeia represents sound effects (Chang, 2018). It means that the widely used of onomatopoeia in comics and magazines because of its effectiveness in creating good sound effects in these media. There are several definitions that relate to onomatopoeia. Etymologically, onomatopoeia derives from the Greek words namely onoma (name) and poeieo (to make) so onomatopoeia means name making. In general, the usage of a term that phonetically mimics, looks like, or refers to the sound that it describes is known as onomatopoeia. Onomatopoeia refers to the words made by imitating the sound and name of an object or action by imitating the sound of the object associated with the object (Chang, 2018). In addition, Dofs in (Rauf, 2016) defines onomatopoeia as a type of sound that is designated by its object and reproduces a natural sound.
Additionally, Ogata in (Rauf, 2016) mentions that a sound-imitated description of animals and phenomena in nature called onomatopoeia. Tiwiyanti also writes that onomatopoeia is a word that has the similar sound with the sound that describes certain objects (Tiwiyanti, 2016).
Meanwhile, Gasser in (Eliza, 2013) mentions onomatopoeia as naming of objects that imitate the sound produced by that objects and the form of onomatopoeia can be the sound of certain object, animal, and actions. Along with the previous definition, Assaneo in (Muliawati & Yusnida, 2019)  Furthermore, onomatopoeia according to Pierce in Antila in (Chang, 2018) is a word that duplicates nature sounds that are frequently natively considered to be entirely distinctive as it is exact duplicates of the original sounds they refer to such as the sound of a quack imitating the sound of a duck in English, and wek wek in Indonesia. Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams in (Alameer, 2019) see onomatopoeia as words in which their pronunciation defines their meaning, for example, meow (cat), buzz (insect).
Assaneo writes that onomatopoeia is a unique language condition because it instinctively imitate sounds to establish a connection with the objects they resemble (Muliawati & Yusnida, 2019). In addition, the widely recognized crosslanguage phenomenon known as onomatopoeia happens when a linguistic component is phonetically influenced by the sound of the reality it transmits (Kirtchuk, 2011). Seyyedi argues that onomatopoeia, the making of words imitating natural sounds, is a common phenomenon found in all languages of the world (Seyyedi & Akhlaghi, 2013). Meanwhile, according to Kambara onomatopoeia words serve to give words more life by representing states, actions, sentiments, and feelings (Rauf, 2016).
From several definitions related to onomatopoeia, it can be concluded that onomatopoeia is related to the process of sound or action imitation to certain object such as human, animal, and natural phenomena. Onomatopoeia with sound imitation includes bang bang (sound of weapon), riinngg (sound of phone ringing), whoooo whooo (sound of an owl), whizz (sound of the wind). Afterward, onomatopoeia that relates to action imitation can be like glug glug (drinking), zzzz (sleeping), chomp chomp (eating), smack (kissing), and scratch (tearing up). In addition, onomatopoeia also can represent action, sentiments, and feelings. Dealing with feeling and sentiments, onomatopoeia includes argh (annoyed), aaaahh (pain).
Finally, onomatopoeia classifies as a unique and cross-language phenomena since it can be found in all languages around the world such as knocking the door; knock There are many linguists explaining the types of onomatopoeia. Ullamn in (Eliza, 2013) classifies onomatopoeia into two, namely primary onomatopoeia and secondary onomatopoeia. Primary onomatopoeia occurs due to imitating sound with the sound produced by the object itself. Meanwhile, according to Alexander in (Alameer, 2019) primary onomatopoeia occurs in words and sound that refers to the certain object. In this case onomatopoeia belongs to a word that is produced by imitating the sound produced by the object itself such as buzz (bee), growl (bear), hum (human), plop (mud puddle), roar (lion), squeak (pig), whizz (wind) and the sound of objects such as bell (ding ding), car beeping (horn), phone (riiingg). Secondary onomatopoeia occurs due to the relationship between the sound of an object and its action. Alexander in (Alameer, 2019) states that the secondary onomatopoeia is the imitation of the sound due to the certain action. This onomatopoeia is a combination between the sound of an object and its action, for example, chopm chomp refers to eating, gulp gulp refers to drinking, Thum/thud refers to colliding.
On the other hand, Bredin in Dofs in (Rauf, 2016) divides onomatopoeia into three: Direct Onomatopoeia, Associative Onomatopoeia, and Exemplary Onomatopoeia. Direct onomatopoeia refers to the original sound of the object being referred to such as buzz (bee), hiss (snake), moo (cow). Associative Onomatopoeia refers to the sound imitation due to its similarity of the object and the word denoted such as cukooo (bird), bubble, whip, scratch, splatter, cackle, cough, whisper. Exemplary Onomatopoeia refers to the sound imitation based on the quantity and physical work of the speaker in pronouncing it such as nimble, dart, slothful, sluggish, mumble.
Thomas in (Chang, 2018)  Shibatani and Martin in (Hasada, 1994) distinguish onomatopoeia into (1) phonomime onomatopoeia which imitates the type of sound produced by nature such as the sound of animals, objects and humans, (2) phenomime onomatopoeia which describes the action, the nature, appearance, circumstances, situations, and conditions of the world outside, (3) psychomime onomatopoeia which symbolizes psychological states, body feelings, and inner feelings. Contrary to phonomimes, which are known as (sound-) onomatopoeia, phenomimes and psychomimes are frequently referred to as mimetic words.
Simpson in (Al-Zubbaidi, 2014) mentions that lexical onomatopoeia refers to words recognized in the language system as words such as thud, crack, slurp and buzz, whose symbolic pronunciation becomes their reference outside the language.
Non-lexical onomatopoeia, on the other hand, refers to a group of sounds that echo the world without the mediation of linguistic structures such as vroom vroom or brrrmmmm brrrmmmm.
A comic is invented by a Rudolphe Topfer, a Swiss cartoonist in 1873 (Firdaus et al., 2021). Etymologically, the word comic is taken from Greek term, komikos, meaning humor. Wigans states Comics as a type of graphic art that frequently use the sequential arrangement of images and text to communicate a story, idea, or piece of information. They may occasionally lack words and depict speech instead using conventions and symbolism, such as word balloons (Putri et al., 2017). Comics are a medium for expressing ideas in images combined with text or visual information. Suwastomo concludes that a comic is a piece of art that tells a series of stories in image form about characters and incidents that can be hilarious, puzzling, etc (Suwastomo, 2016). Along with the previous definition, Firdaus et al define a comic as a narratively organized collection of images that includes dialogue (Firdaus et al., 2021).
Experts argue that the two most common forms of comics are comic book and comic strips. A comic book is a novel or a collection of stories expressed in pictures, text, and other visual information on the other hand comic strips having  (Suwastomo, 2016).
Comic elements include panels, letters, balloons, captions, and borders.
Panels are the most basic element in a comic strip. Panels can be square, round, or triangular. The panel is the place where all the other elements are delivered. The images represent the character's appearance, actions, and facial expressions, whereas letters are any text on a comic page that is used to emphasize important words. Balloons are for text, usually include a pointed end that connects the balloon to the character speaking or thinking of the words written in the text.
Speech balloons are usually straight-edged balloons, while thought balloons are usually bubble-eyed. Text is used for narration or transition text. Borders are lines that enclose panels, balloons, and captions. Together, they tell the story in several well-ordered panels.
Comics become interesting because they do not only contain images but also language expressions, one of which is onomatopoeia. Onomatopoeia is widely used in comics and poetry. Onomatopoeia is a part of linguistics that describes events and fantasies. Guynes in (Chang, 2018) states that Onomatopoeia in comics is a representation of sound effect that is manifested in graphic/written form.
Onomatopoeia is usually called sound effect. Sasamoto and Jackson in (Sunarya & Sutono, 2021) state that onomatopea is a communication phenomenon. Sangoi in (Alameer, 2019) relates onomatopoeia between comic books, magazines and stories with the effectiveness of linguistic phenomena to increase the attractiveness of comics, magazines.
Onomatopoeia is widely used in comics, magazines because onomatopoeia is very effective in creating good sound effects in these media. Onomatopoeia helps provide voice support for comic readers so that readers can imagine when reading comics. Many comic writers use onomatopoeia to express the feelings of the characters. Onomatopoeia is an image of the mind that can give imagination to comic readers when reading comics. The function of Onomatopoeia according to Aliyeh and Zeinolabedin in (Alameer, 2019) are enriches the reading content. Onomatopoeia gives a livelier situation, condition, or appearance. In addition, it develops the level of musicality of spoken and written texts. Furthermore, it stimulate the reader's impression of the message to reveal a vivid and realistic description of the attitudes, gestures or behavior and emotional phenomena Maino in (Hasada, 1994). Again, the employment of onomatopoeia in comics aids the reader in recognizing the significance of an object that would otherwise be meaningless if no explanation were provided (Firdaus et al., 2021).
There are many studies related to onomatopoeia in comics which can be broadly grouped into several fields. First are studies of onomatopoeia in education field such as (1) Tiara Eliza (2018) Using Onomatopoeia in Comic to Improve Vocabulary. The results of this study indicate that teaching vocabulary using onomatopoeia in comics can be used to increase students' vocabulary, (2) Aulia

Putri et al (2017) The Effect of Onomatopoeia in Comic Strip and Instrumental
Motivation towards Students' Reading Comprehension Achievement. This study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between students' understanding of reading skills in students who are taught using onomatopoeia on comic strips on motivation, (3) Bambang Suswanto (2016) Teaching Using Comic as A Media To Improve Student's Vocabulary Mastery at Tenth Grade of SMAN 1 Muntok. The study reports that students taught using comic has greater achievement than those of not taught using comic, therefore comic can be used as one of media to teach vocabulary.
Second are the research on onomatopoeia conducted on poetry such as that was conducted by Haitham K. Al Zubbaidi (2014)  there are same data of onomatopoeia found during the research. After all the data collected, the next step is coding the data. The data code is also given based on a predetermined code system, namely No Data/Comic Title/Page/Onomatopoeic Type. Then the data are displayed in a table. After the data is coded, the next step is data analysis to answer the problem formulation. The data are analyzed to find the types of onomatopoeia found in Tintin in the Tibet, Tintin and the Alph-Art, and Tintin and Picaros.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
This study analyzes the types of onomatopoeia found in Tintin's English comics. There are 3 comics (Tintin in the Tibet, Tintin and the Alph-Art, and Tintin and Picaros) that are used as data sources. Related to data collection, the researcher used content analysis. At the time of data collecting, the researchers immediately conducted data reduction. Data reduction is done when the same onomatopoeias are found and they describe the same things. However, when the researchers found the same onomatopoeias but they describe different thing, the researchers did not eliminate the data. For example, Bang which were found more than one. Based on the research finding, Bang is used to describe the sound of gun shooting, explosion, as well as collision, so the researchers treated them as different data and did not reduce them. From the data searching process, the authors found 51 data. The data are then classified based on the type of onomatopoeia on the onomatopoeia. The table below shows the types of onomatopoeia found in the 3 English versions of Tintin comics (Tintin in the Tibet, Tintin and the Alph-Art, and Tintin and Picaros)

Types of Onomatopoeia found in Tintin Comics
Onomatopoeia is a word or group of words that imitates the sounds of the source it describes. There are several theories that discuss the types of onomatopoeia. In this study, researchers used the onomatopoeic type theory from Hasada. Hasada classifies the types of onomatopoeia into 3 groups, namely phonomime, phenomime, and psychomime. In this study, the researchers found three types of onomatopias, namely phonomime onomatopoeia (29 data), phenomime onomatopoeia (12 data), and psychomime onomatopoeia (10 data).

Phonomime Onomatopoeia
Phonomime onomatopoeia is a type of onomatopoeia that imitates the types of sounds produced by nature such as the sounds of animals, objects, and humans. Here are some examples of phonomime onomatopoeia found in Tintin Comi:

1) 01/TaAA/Poc Poc Poc/Phono
The phonomime onomatopoeia can be animal sound. Poc Poc Poc comes from the sound of a bird. As described in the comic, there is a bird outside Captain's bedroom.

2) 32/TaAA/Tu Whooo/Phono
Another phonomime onomatopoeia found in the research is Tu-Whoooo which refers to the sound of an owl. On the comic, it is described the owl is on the tree outside Tintin's room.

3) 15/TaAA/AAAchoo/Phono
Achoo refers to the sound of sneezing. The term "ACHOO" refers to an inherited condition known as Autosomal Dominant Compelling Helio-Ophthalmic Outburst Syndrome, which causes excessive sneezing.
The sound Achoo appears in the comic when Captain sneezes.

4) 61/TiT/zzzz/Phono
Meanwhile another onomatopoeia describing the sound of sleeping is zzzz spoken by Captain. He is singing at the first, however, he falls asleep finally while walking. There is another onomatopoeia used to describe the sound of sleeping, i.e. 14/TaAA/mmmm/Phono. It happens when Captain Haddock and Tintin attends the show of

5) 02/TaAA/Toc Toc/Phono
There are three sounds of knocking door found in the comic. Rat

6) 03/TaAA/Ring Ring/Phono
Ring ring is the common onomatopoeia used to imitate the sound of phone ringing. People may use this onomatopoeia when they pretend to give a call. This onomatopoeia indicates the phone ringing.

7) 05/TaAA/Boom/Phono
Boom describes the sound of explosion. In the comic, the onomatopoeia of Boom happens when there is a big explosion because of the terrorist attack that is broadcasted on the television. The explosion seems so hard that everyone around the television get startled.

8) 06/TaAA/Dong/Phono
Dong describes the deep resonant sound of a large bell Different from boom, it seems bang is to describe small explosion.
However the sound of siren found in the comic is represented by pinponpinpon. The siren comes from the fire brigade car. Here is the example of the data;

11) 55/TaP/RRRRR/Phono
Another onomatopoeia imitate the sound of vehicle engine is RRRRR, the sound of a helicopter. There are several sounds refers to plane such as rrrrrrrRRRRRrrrrrrr, URRRRRR. The sound appears when Tintin, Captain Haddock, and General Alcazar are in the jungle. There is a helicopter in the sky searching for them.

12) 52/TaP/Ratatat/Phono
There are several onomatopoeia used to symbolized the sounds of gun shooting such as rat-tat-tat, pew pew, pap pap, brrrrtt, boom boom, bang bang, kablam, and dut dut (https://grammarhow.com/gunshot-soundwords/). However in the comics, the onomatopoeia to describe the sounds of gun shooting is ratatatat. Ratata refers to a fast gun shooting. Here is the example of the use of onomatopoeia describing the gun shot;

13) 19/TaAA/clang/Phono
Clang means a noisy, metallic sound (https://www.clarkandmiller.com/sound-words-in-english-bang-smashcrash-and-39-more/). Another resources mentions that clang means loud ringing metallic sound, such as an aluminum baseball bat hitting the ball ( http://www.writtensound.com/index.php?term=clang). In the comic the use of clang as onomatopoeia can be seen in the following picture when there is a tin falling behind Tintin.

15) 20/TaAA/Blam/Phono
Blam indicates of an explosive noise or sound, however, in the comic of Tintin it is used when someone closes the door hard and angrily.
Tintin is in front of the door of a man's room and the man opens the door angrily while saying that he has no opinion and asking Tintin to leave him alone. It seems he does not want to talk to Tintin. In the end, he closes the door hard and angrily. Here is the example of the data;

16) 22/TaAA/Bang/Phono
The onomatopoeia used in the comic is Bang which is commonly used for imitating the sound of the gun. However, here it describes the collision between cars. Bang refers to an object that makes a short, sharp noise when coming into contact with a hard surface (https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/onomatopoeia-impacts.php).
Here is the example of the data;

3) 34/TaP/Sniff/Pheno
Sniff means drawing air through the nose. Sniff in the comic seems used to describe Captain who smells a bottle of Loch Lomond (Whisky).
He opens its bottle then sniffs it.

4) 35/TaAA/Scratch Scratch/Pheno
Scratch means to tear or to mark a surface something sharp. In the comic, scratch scratch appears when Snowy is scratching the outside wall where Tintin is captived.

5) 36/TaAA/Clap/Pheno
Clap usually refers to the sound of clapping hands, however, in this comic, it represent the sound of catching something hard. In this comic, the sound of clap appears when Tintin throws something like a board flake then Snowy catch it with his mouth and teeth.

6) 56/TaP/hic/Pheno
Hic and Hips both represent the getting drunk people. Captain Alcazar gets angry to his soldier because most of his soldiers get drunk because of whisky. He warns his soldier to drop the bottle or he will shoot them. Meanwhile his drunken soldiers stop and make no sound except hic and hips.

Psychomime Onomatopoeia
Psychomime onomatopoeia describes the psychological condition such as feeling. There are 10 psychomime onomatopoeia found in Tintin Comic as the Here are the examples of the phsychomime onomatopoeia:

1) 14/TaAA/ssh ssh/Psycho
Ssh ssh is used to call for silence. The onomatopoeia of ssh ssh appears when the audience asks Titin and Captain Haddock to be quiet.
They feel annoyed with Tintin and Captain Haddock's conversation.

2) 25/TaAA/Yeurgh/Psycho
Yeurgh in this comic is used to express of distasteful chewing gum.
Akkas Edendine (Rastapopulus) feels that he has been able to beat Tintin.
However, Snowy (Tintin's dog) and Captain Haddock come to save Tintin.
Even, Snowy bites Mr. Akkas Edendine so he screams AAAAH to express the pain.

5) 51/TaP/eeek/Psycho
Onomatopoeia eeek happens when Captain gets surprised after he feels something creeping under his jersey. Apparently, it is an ell from the stream.

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
Onomatopoeia is a universal phenomenon in language since it can be found in almost all languages. Onomatopoeia can be found in various literary works including comics. Onomatopoeia is a representation of sound which is manifested in the form of graphics/writing as sound effects in comic. Onomatopoeia is widely used in comics and magazines because of its effectiveness in producing good sound effects in these media.
In this study, the writers found three types of onomatopoeia in the English version of the Tintin comic, namely phonomime onomatopoeia (29 data), phenomime onomatopoeia (12 data) and psychomime onomatopoeia (10 data).
Phonomime onomatopoeia appears in the form of animal sounds (toc toc, woo woo), object sounds (ring ring, knock knock, vroomm) and human voices (zzz, mmm Most of the study of onomatopoeia focuses on its types. Probably the next researchers can focus on other topics such as onomatopoeia as speech acts.
Onomatopoeia is a part of language which serves main function as a means of communication, so onomatopoeias consist of speech acts. Additionally, other researchers may also study onomatopoeia based on the study of translation because each language has its own onomatopoeia. Last but not least, other researchers may also study to find out the difference use of onomatopoeias that describe the same object, action, etc. Let's say what is the difference of pof pof pof, bang bang, paf paf paf, rat tat tat as a gun shooting onomatopoeia? Does it depend on the size of the gun? Does it depend on the speed of shooting? Or does it depend on the sound produced by the gun.