Pragmatic Analysis of Searle’s Directive Acts Types in “Get Out Movie”

This descriptive qualitative research revealed directive acts types of characters’ directive utterances in a movie. The researchers took a thriller movie entitled Get Out as the data source and the characters' directive utterances were gathered as the data. Considering the data were collected through observation and note-taking, observational method and note-taking technique were applied. In analyzing data, the researchers employed pragmatic identity method and technique of pragmatic competence-in equalizing. The investigation was done by applying the theory parted by Searle (1979), which was further defined by Searle and Vanderveken (1985). The findings reported that there were 35 data of directive acts types and 10 directive acts types appeared in the utterances. Specifically, nine data were found in ask, command showed two data, order consisted of six data, one data in plead, beg, and entreat, permit got five data, request was discovered in two data, four data were found in advise, and invite consisted of four data. Among all types, the type of ask involved as the dominant type because the movie characters tended to convey directive utterances to direct other characters to answer questions. There was no type of pray conveyed in the characters' directive utterances as the characters did not privately speak to sacred figures or God.

This descriptive qualitative research revealed directive acts types of characters' directive utterances in a movie. The researchers took a thriller movie entitled Get Out as the data source and the characters' directive utterances were gathered as the data. Considering the data were collected through observation and note-taking, observational method and note-taking technique were applied. In analyzing data, the researchers employed pragmatic identity method and technique of pragmatic competence-in equalizing. The investigation was done by applying the theory parted by Searle (1979), which was further defined by Searle and Vanderveken (1985). The findings reported that there were 35 data of directive acts types and 10 directive acts types appeared in the utterances. Specifically, nine data were found in ask, command showed two data, order consisted of six data, one data in plead, beg, and entreat, permit got five data, request was discovered in two data, four data were found in advise, and invite consisted of four data. Among all types, the type of ask involved as the dominant type because the movie characters tended to convey directive utterances to direct other characters to answer questions. There was no type of pray conveyed in the characters' directive utterances as the characters did not privately speak to sacred figures or God.

INTRODUCTION
Freedom of applying language is indeed had by all language users. However, the utterance that a speaker delivers and a hearer interprets should adhere to pragmatics. It is considering the study reveals meaning that is not literally stated by a speaker. In other words, the effectiveness of communication occurs when a speaker and hearer can pragmatically convey and interpret utterances. Pragmatics phenomena are widely spread in social media and YouTube is one of the social media platforms that grow in popularity. YouTube allows its registered users to publish and watch videos. Thus, phenomena of pragmatics appear on YouTube because YouTube videos involve utterances that language users convey. The present researchers discovered the pragmatics phenomenon in an utterance delivered on the Master Chef World YouTube channel as a cooking competition, which has various versions broadcasted through televisions. A 2019 published video entitled "Joe Bastianich Critiques Italian Dishes" was found to have the phenomenon of pragmatics. The conversation is presented in the following paragraph.
A guest judge named Joe Bastianich firstly called Marida's name as the next contestant whose dish would be tasted. After being called, Marida walked to the three judges by bringing her dish.

Joe
: "Okay, Marida. Tell about the dish." Marida : "I did Mediterranean Calamari… a little bit of roti and olives and fresh parsley." (02:00-02:10) Joe became the speaker and the hearer was Marida. The conversation took place at Master Chef Canada's studio. The hearer earlier put the dish on the table after she had been in front of the judges. Then, the speaker uttered the utterance above to influence the hearer. The speaker influenced the hearer to do the desired action by having the speaker to command the hearer. By uttering the utterance, the speaker commanded the hearer to tell about the dish that she served. Based on the context, the speaker had a higher level to influence the hearer considering the speaker was a guest judge. In accordance with Searle and Vanderveken (1985), the directive acts type that a speaker, who has a higher power says to make an interlocutor to do a particular action is defined as command. Accordingly, the speaker produced directive acts phenomenon and the directive acts was produced in the type of command to get the desired action done.
Aside from YouTube, movie also has directive acts phenomenon. Movie is generally a recording of moving images that involves characters to tell story. The story in a movie is told through utterances and movie characters produce directive acts to get the desired action accomplished. As revealed by present researchers,  Searle and Vanderveken (1985) clarified permit as directive acts type that is conveyed to be permitted to realize a certain action. Conclusively, it proves that the type of permit was applied to make the hearer permit the speaker.
The phenomena above clarify that directive acts presents whenever a speaker has a desire to persuade a hearer to do something. As admitted by Searle (1979), the classification of the illocutionary acts that is applied to affect an interlocutor to do a thing is directive acts. Directive acts consists of various types, which are used based on the speaker's intention in uttering utterance. The different intentions in each type are the things that distinguish directive acts types. Searle (1979) parted directive acts types into eleven types, namely request, advise, permit, pray, invite, plead, entreat, beg, order, command, and ask. The following paragraphs explain each type.
Request is involved to request a hearer's help. As acknowledged by Searle and Vanderveken (1985), request is allowed to be accepted and refused by a hearer. This defines that request allows a hearer to do or reject a requested action because the speaker does not involve force in it. One of request utterances is seen in "can we bring a milk for Joe, please?" (Sasanaputra & Mubarak, 2021).
Advise is defined as the type that involves advice. As believed by Searle and Vanderveken (1985), advise is said to influence a hearer to do an action that is assumed will be done by a hearer. A speaker that uses advise normally asks the hearer to do a beneficial action. One of the utterances is as follows. "I advise you to leave." (Searle, 1979, p. 28).
Permit refers to directive acts that a speaker conveys to get a speaker's permission. Searle and Vanderveken (1985) argued that permit refers to the type that is uttered to be permitted to do a certain action. It mentions that type is intentionally performed because the speaker intends to be permitted. One of the utterances is shown in the following utterance. "No, ma'am. May I show you this?" (Virginia & Ambalegin, 2021). Pray is directive acts type that appears when a speaker privately speaks to God. The speaker expresses gratitude to God and asks for God's protection. Searle and Vanderveken (1985) defined pray as the type, which is used to entreat sacred figures or God. It shows that this directive acts is directly included in the speech referring to a mighty spirit. One of the utterances is "Lord…I pray this child turn out good..." (Tesaindra & Mualimin, 2017).
Invite is the directive acts type, which a speaker produces to invite a hearer. Searle and Vanderveken (1985) defined invite as the type that a speaker says whenever a speaker wants to invite someone. It infers that invite is delivered by a speaker that wants a hearer to do an action or go to a particular place. One of the utterances is presented in "Come back home right away." (Rahmawati et al., 2020). Plead is the most crucial compared to others. Searle and Vanderveken, (1985) claimed that a speaker persuades a hearer to realize strong commitment regarding a certain action by having the speaker to perform plead. The speaker applies this type whenever a speaker is in an emotional situation, which affects the speaker to realize the strong willingness emotionally. A plead utterance is in the following utterance. "I also ask the Regional Head to support this policy and carry out adequate policies in the regions." (Sari & Utomo, 2020).
The type of entreat is conveyed seriously and urgently to get an interlocutor to do as desired. Searle and Vanderveken (1985) acknowledged that this type is asking humbly and earnestly for a request that involves a strong desire. It describes that this directive act is produced seriously due to the speaker's intention.
The utterance is as in "Therefore, I, Anang Syahrani, apologize to you all." (Faridah, 2020). Beg is used to humbly request a hearer to realize the speaker's strong desire. Searle and Vanderveken (1985) clarified that beg belongs to humbly ask for a request that contains a strong desire as a consequence of a strong need.
The speaker's strong willingness is supported by the speaker's aim. A beg utterance was found in "Please sir, I need medical help." (Perez & Hernandez, 2021, p. 126). Order is the directive acts type that a speaker performs to make a hearer do the ordered action. Searle and Vanderveken (1985)  order does not need a speaker's power to realize the performance. It mentions that a speaker whose power is lower compared to a hearer also can use this type. One of directive utterances that show order is "Tell me who you are." (Virginia & Ambalegin, 2021).
Command is used by a speaker whose power is higher than the hearer. As mentioned by Searle and Vanderveken (1985), directive acts type that a higher power speaker says to make an interlocutor do a particular action is defined as command. It highlights that command involves in utterance if the speaker has authority and intention to influence a hearer. An utterance of command was delivered in "Cultivate smiles, greetings, courtesy" (Mubarok et al., 2021). Ask is conveyed to get a hearer to answer question. Searle and Vanderveken (1985) believed that whenever a speaker wants to get an answer, this type is applied in utterance. In other words, the type of ask is the directive acts that a speaker utters to inquire and to get the desired action fulfilled. An utterance below is the realization of ask. "How's this?" (Wijayanti & Yulianti, 2020).
Lots of previous researchers had conducted research on directive acts types.
As references and comparisons, two previous research were taken. Sari and Utomo (2020) determined the directive acts types, meanings, and forms that were discovered from coping with coronavirus speech. The data were gathered from Mr. object and theory because previous and present researchers revealed directive acts types by using the theory of Searle (1979). By conducting this present research, readers are expected to understand the differences of each directive acts type and be able to perform the directive acts, which is based on speaker's intention. After all, this research was conducted to investigate directive acts types in Get Out movie.

METHOD
One of the most important components of research is the research design. It is due to its significance in characterizing how research is observed. The researchers adopted descriptive qualitative considering this research investigated pragmatics phenomenon and descriptively elaborated the research result.
Qualitative research is applied to examine unmeasured social issues or phenomena (Creswell, 2013, p. 56). This present research indeed investigated the social phenomenon considering directive acts appears in society and performs through utterance that a speaker says to get an action accomplished. Directive acts types of characters utterances in Get Out movie were revealed by using Searle (1979)'s theory.
The researchers applied observational method proposed by Sudaryanto (2015) to collect the data. Observation was done by observing the utterances in Get Out movie. Relating to the data collection technique, this research used notetaking technique from the same expert. The data were collected through observation and afterward typed in form of conversations. Several steps were followed to get the data. At first, the movie directed by Peele (2017)

Findings
This research reported there were 35 data and 10 directive acts types in Get Out movie. Specifically, six data involved in order, advise showed four data, permit consisted of five data, invite involved four data, one data was observed in plead, beg, and entreat, request and command were uttered in two data for each type, and ask was conveyed in nine data. From all types, the type of ask became the most commonly conveyed type. It is considering the movie characters mostly desired to get answers by performing directive acts. The type of pray was not conveyed because the characters did not have the intention to influence God or sacred figures to get their intentions fulfilled. The following table elaborates the frequency of each directive acts types in Get Out movie.

Discussions
In this research, 15 data were chosen from the total data to be discussed.
The selected data include one data for each type of beg, entreat, order, plead, command, invite, and order. Additionally, there were two data for request and three data to present the discussions of advise. Lastly, the type of ask was analyzed in three data. All data were presented based on the data source's duration.
Following discussions discuss the directive acts types in Get Out movie.

Data 1
The conversation below involved Rose, who came to Chris' apartment. The woman earlier brought drink and pastry for him. They were planning to visit the woman's parents, thus the man was packing his things.

Rose
: "How is it going over there?" Chris : "Good." (00:06:39-00:06:46) The speaker was Rose and Chris became the hearer. Previously, the speaker entered the hearer's apartment and the speaker lay on the couch after being welcomed. While lying, the speaker conveyed the utterance because the speaker had an intention. The speaker used the utterance to affect the hearer to give an answer, which the speaker asked by using the WH-word "how". The speaker would like to know about the situation of packing things. By uttering the utterance, the speaker desired to get an answer to question. The speaker wanted to know considering the hearer packed it by himself without asking for the speaker's help.
In line with the analysis, it confirms that the speaker applied the type of ask because the speaker desired to get an answer about the situation. Rose was talking about the trip to Lake Pontaco to Chris. They were in the man's apartment and the woman was waiting for the man as the one who was packing.

Data 3
Chris and Rose were in the car for visiting the woman's parents. While they were on the way, the man called his friend and he asked him to take care of his pet.
Then the woman wanted to talk to a friend of the man.

Rose
: "Let me talk to him." Chris : "No." Rose : "I'd like to talk to him please." (00:09:41-00:09:44) The speaker was Rose and Chris was featured as the hearer. Seeing that the speaker desired to talk with the man, the speaker conveyed the utterance above. It was conveyed to get the hearer to realize a particular action in which the speaker wanted to talk to the man. Based on the speaker's intention, the speaker indeed attempted to persuade the hearer to permit her. The speaker persuaded him by asking for his permission through the word "let me". However, the hearer held the phone tightly indicating he did not allow the hearer to do so. The hearer was asked for permission because the hearer was the one that talked to the man through a phone call. It reveals that the type of permit involves in the directive utterance above considering the speaker granted for the hearer's permission.

Data 4
Officer Ryan approached Rose to question the accident. The car driven by the woman previously hit a deer in the woods and it caused the woman and her boyfriend to stop the car.
Officer Ryan : "So in the future, the number to call is Animal Control Services." Rose : "Yes sorry. I was just disoriented." Officer Ryan : "So you guys, uh, come out from the city?"

Rose
: "Yeah, yeah. My parents are from the Lake Pontaco area..." (00:12:10-00:12:25) Officer Ryan was the speaker and Rose was the hearer. To visit the hearer's parents, the hearer and her boyfriend were on their way to Lake Pontaco. However, they experienced an accident between them and a deer because the hearer kept teasing her boyfriend. It led them to get out of the car and stay in the woods to check the deer's condition. Afterward, the speaker came to the hearer and informed the hearer about what they should do in the future. The speaker also delivered the utterance to persuade the hearer to perform an action. The speaker expected the hearer to answer where they came from. According to the analysis, it emphasizes that the type of ask was applied by the speaker in the directive utterance as the speaker desired to get an answer. Rose and her boyfriend previously stopped the car in the woods. It was caused by an accident, which involved the woman and her boyfriend. Afterward, Officer Ryan came to question the accident by also asking the woman's boyfriend to let him see his driver's license.
Officer Ryan : "Get that headlight fixed. And that mirror."

Rose
: "Thank you, officer." (00:13:08-00:13:13) The speaker was Officer Ryan and Rose was the hearer. They were in the woods and had discussions about the accident. After talking to the hearer, the speaker returned the driver's license of the hearer's boyfriend and the speaker uttered the utterance. The speaker uttered the utterance to influence the hearer to fix the headlight, which was previously broken. The hearer was influenced to do the action as the speaker believed the action would benefit the hearer. This infers that the speaker advised the hearer for the hearer's benefit. In light of the analysis, it displays that the utterance has the type of advise as the speaker attempted to influence the hearer to fix thing.

Data 6
Dean and Rose were in the doorway as Rose had just arrived. The woman came with her boyfriend to visit the woman's parents. Then, the man and his wife welcomed them to enter the house after spending hours driving car.
Dean : "There's my little girl. Come here."

Rose
: "…I've missed you. This is my dad, Dean. This is Chris." (00:14:14-00:14:22) Dean appeared as the speaker and Rose was the hearer. After the hearer was in the doorway, the speaker and his wife greeted the hearer and her boyfriend. The speaker had an intention in which he wanted to influence the hearer to do a certain action. The speaker intended to hug the hearer that had resided in a different city.

Data 7
Dean earlier accompanied Chris to have a house tour. Then, they decided to stop in the yard of Dean's house. The wife and daughter of Dean were also in the same place where they were sitting there. Dean was asking the man whether or not the man smoking.
Dean : "You should have Missy take care of that for you." Chris : "How?" Dean : "Hypnosis…" Chris : "Wow... wow..." (00:19:54-00:20:05) Dean was the speaker and Chris became the hearer. After the hearer had mentioned that he smoked, the speaker said the utterance above. In the utterance, the speaker affected the hearer to take the desired action. The hearer was affected by having the speaker advise the hearer. The speaker advised him to be taken care of by Missy, the speaker's wife as his wife could hypnotize people that had a smoking habit. The action desired by the speaker was considered as beneficial as it could benefit the hearer. The speaker wanted him to do so as he believed the hearer should have avoided smoking for his own good. The analysis confirms that the type of advise was conveyed in the speaker's directive utterance.

Data 8
As the housemaid, Georgina firstly came to the garden in which there were Missy and her family. The woman came by also bringing drinks for the family. It was served by having the woman pour it into some glasses. Missy : "That's okay why don't you go lay down, just get some rest?" Georgina : "Yes. I think I will." Missy : "Good." (00:21:17-00:21:31) The speaker was Missy as she was the one that started the conversation. Georgina became the hearer, who was lost in a daydream and it caused the hearer to spill the drink. After the hearer had spilled the drink, the speaker called her intending to stop her from doing it. Afterward, the hearer apologized because it was unintentionally done. The speaker responded to her by directing her to have a rest.
The speaker intended to have the hearer do so after seeing the action that the hearer had previously done. By directing her to do the action, the speaker wanted the hearer to do the intended action as it benefitted the hearer. Based on the analysis, it demonstrates that the speaker employed directive acts in the type of advise to get the beneficial action accomplished.

Data 9
After having dinner, Rose and Chris entered the woman's bedroom. The woman was brushing her teeth while complaining about the behavior of her brother, which was considered as impolite. Then, the woman came to the man as she felt sorry about the bad experience.

Rose
: "Why are you so calm?" Chris : "Honestly, this is nothing…" Rose : "Is this a racial flow?" Chris : "Racial flow." (00:27:25-00:27:34) Rose appeared as the speaker while the hearer was Chris. The speaker still did not believe that the hearer could be that calm after being discriminated by her brother.
It led the speaker to deliver the utterance as the speaker had a purpose in mind. him in front of the speaker's family. From the analysis above, it points out that the type of ask was applied in the directive utterance as the speaker desired to have the hearer's answer.

Data 10
Chris previously stood outside at midnight. Then, the man entered the room and it had Missy, who was sitting in the living room. The man was called to have discussion with her as it was their first meeting.
Missy : "…Now Sink into the floor!" Chris : "Wait, wait, wait..." Missy : "Sink. Now you're in the sunken place." (00:35:03-00:36:36) Missy involved as the speaker and the hearer was Chris. The conversation above was declared when the speaker hypnotized him. The hypnosis was done by having the speaker stir a cup of tea. The hypnosis caused him to be paralyzed and unable to complain. Afterward, the speaker wanted him to do as desired by sinking into the floor. The speaker affected him by saying "sink into the floor" as the desired action and it was considered as command because there was different power between the speaker and hearer. The speaker indeed had power because she could hypnotize the hearer and the hearer could stop her from doing it. In conformity with the analysis, it indicates the speaker used the type of command to affect the hearer.

Data 11
Chris was earlier left by Philomena because the woman met other guests of party held by Armitage Family. Then, the woman approached the man, who was her boyfriend.
Philomena : "…Can you do something with this?" Andre : "Yeah, yeah" (00:45:14-00:45:20) Philomena was the speaker that talked to Andre as the hearer. As the hearer was in confusion, the speaker came to him and the speaker also brought a handkerchief. The speaker gave him the thing while delivering the utterance. The utterance was delivered seeing that speaker had intention to direct the hearer. The speaker wanted him to do the requested action by putting it in his pocket. The action that was desired to be taken indeed referred to request because the speaker directed by requesting. Thereupon, it emphasizes that the speaker employed the type of request to direct the hearer to do as requested.

Data 12
Chris and Rose previously left the bedroom and desired to escape from the house. However, the man did not have car keys and it caused him to be panic. The man felt panic because he finally revealed the Armitage Family was hiding something from him.
Chris : "Rose…" Rose : "I don't know where they are" Chris : "Rose, rose, rose… Give me those keys. Give me those keys!"

Rose
: [Pretending to find the car keys] (01:08:41-01:08:54) The speaker was Chris and Rose involved as the hearer. The speaker unfortunately could not leave the house as he did not have car keys. It made the speaker emotionally utter the utterance as the speaker intended to have the hearer to do as intended. The speaker wanted the hearer to do the action, which was in accordance with the speaker's strong willingness. The speaker persuaded him by asking him to give him the car keys. At that moment, the speaker was in a danger situation because the family was having a bad intention to the speaker. To sum up the analysis, it points out that the speaker used the type of plead considering the speaker emotionally delivered the directive utterance.

Data 13
Rod and Rose were talking through a phone call. They were in a different place in which the man was in his house's living room and the woman was in the bed room. At that time, the man called him to ask about the missing of Chris.

Data 14
Roman and Chris were in a room of Armitage Family's house. Chris was previously kidnapped by the family and Roman was shown himself through television. Roman talked to Chris by informing him that his brain was potential to be transplanted.
Roman : "Now I will control the motor function, so I'll be ..." Chris : "Me. You'll be me." Roman : "Good, good. You got it quick. Good on you." Chris : "Why us? Why black people?" Roman : "…But please don't lump me in with that, you know I could give a shit what color you are..." Chris : "This is crazy." (01:24:26-01:25:29) The speaker was Roman and the conversation involved Chris as the hearer.
Roman as the speaker firstly informed him that his brain motor function would be controlled by the speaker. The hearer was also told that his brain would be transplanted to a white man's brain. Afterward, the speaker attempted to influence the hearer by saying the utterance above. The speaker seriously said that he did not want the hearer to think about the differences in the race because it was not related to the race differences. The utterance indeed consists of the speaker's strong desire because the speaker really needed him to do so and the utterance was said in a serious way. In regard to the analysis, it implies that the speaker realized directive acts in the type of entreat to get the hearer to do as desired.

Data 15
Rose's servant previously shot her and it caused the woman to feel weak.
The shot was done in the yard of the Armitage Family's house. Then, the woman attempted to feel sorry for thing that she and her family had done to black people. Rose was the speaker and Chris became the hearer. The conversation above was declared when the speaker was lying on the road. Because the speaker had a purpose in her mind, the speaker affected the hearer to do as intended. The speaker affected the hearer by asking him to help the speaker as she was weak.
The hearer hoped he wanted to help her because there were no other people in that place. The speaker humbly asked for his help by begging him to get his sympathy. However, the speaker did not force him as the speaker begged for the action to be accomplished. In accordance with the analysis, it highlights that the directive utterance involves the type of beg as the speaker humbly asked for the hearer's help.

Conclusions
This research discovered there were 35 data of directive acts types in Get Out movie. The directive utterances were found in 10 out of 11 directive acts. The data consisted of four data in advise, request was identified in two data, ask had nine data, command got two data, beg, entreat, and plead had one data, invite showed four data, order was revealed to have six data, and permit had five data.
From the total data, the type of ask became the most common type because the movie characters tended to feel curious about people or things. From the curiosities, it led the characters to question in order to get answers. In addition, the type of pray was not applied because the directive utterances were not conveyed to influence God or sacred figures.

Suggestions
In terms of suggestions for future researchers, it is recommended that they conduct research regarding directive acts. The present researchers recommend future researchers use different media as the data source. It is because there are many sources other than movie that have directive acts phenomena. Future researchers can use daily utterances by directly observing the language users' utterances in society. By taking other data source, it will further reveal and prove the importance of directive acts as one of pragmatics phenomena. Future researchers can also use the different theories of other experts to examine the different objectives of directive acts.