ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION DIVERSITY PRODUCED BY INDONESIAN COVER-SINGERS: A CASE STUDY ON THE YOUTUBE CHANNEL

Accepted: 20 June 2021 This study focused on the pronunciation changes of the Indonesian cover-singers on YouTube. It was qualitative research by using documentation technique. There were three subjects of this study namely RM with song “Memories”, AH with song “Thank You Next”, and HD with song “Comethru”. At the first singer’s pronunciation, there were 26 mispronounced words and she did consonant deletion, vowel shift, consonant neutralization, vowel coalescence, consonant insertion, and metathesis. At the second singer’s pronunciation, there were 17 mispronounced words and she did consonant deletion, vowel shift, consonant neutralization, consonant insertion, assimilation, and diphthongization. At the third singer’s pronunciation, there were 12 mispronounced words and she did consonant deletion, consonant neutralization, vowel shift, vowel coalescence, and consonant insertion. These pronunciation changes occured because of the distinction between the phonological system of English and Bahasa Indonesia, and the Indonesian cover-singers still relied on the word’s spelling rather than phonetic sound. Regardless of these two reasons, there were also several similarities in the phonological system between English and Bahasa Indonesia, but the Indonesian cover-singers still performed the pronunciation changes.


INTRODUCTION
English has become a global language that is used by people throughout the world, especially in Indonesia. Nowadays, English not only becomes a means of communication to overcome language distinction, but it can also be a means of expression in arts, one of the arts is in a song. In the modern era, many English songs have sprung from various genres ranging from pop, jazz, alternative rock, blues, metal, and many more. With the help of technological advances, English songs can be listened to by Indonesian people on social media like YouTube. Not only listen to English songs, but Indonesian people also often re-sing the English songs that are sung by the English original singers which they then upload their cover videos on YouTube. In this case, Indonesian people who like to re-sing English songs in YouTube are called Indonesian cover-singers. In singing English songs, those Indonesian cover-singers as much as possible try to equate the pronunciation performed by English original singers. However, there are some sounds that cannot be pronounced fluently by them until it resulted in the pronunciation changes.
The phenomenon of pronunciation changes can occur because Indonesian cover-singers do not use English as their first language, but they tend to use Bahasa Indonesia. In addition, the distinction in the phonological system between English and Bahasa Indonesia also becomes the cause of Indonesian cover-singers to produce pronunciation changes. Actually, Bahasa Indonesia and English have 26 alphabetical letters, but both have different ways of pronouncing them. Alwi et al. (2017) states that Bahasa Indonesia has 35 sounds that consist of 22 consonants, 10 vowels, and 4 diphthongs. Whereas English has 42 sounds which consist of 25 consonants, 12 vowels, and 5 diphthongs (Fromkin et al., 2014). Moreover, Pallawa (2013) reveals that the sounds [ae], [ʌ], [Ӡ], [v], [θ], [ð] exist in English, but they are absent in the Bahasa Indonesia phonological system. Meanwhile, Martin (2004) states that there is no relation between the sound and letter in English. Avery (2013) also adds that the English spelling system reveals many examples of the discrepancy between spelling and sounds. Some of English letters have more than one sound. It is noticeable that the sound [c] in the word "car" and "city" can be pronounced LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol. 11 No. 1 2021 differently by the speaker. Unlike English, the sound and letter in Bahasa Indonesia have a very close relationship. For example, the letter "a" in Bahasa Indonesia also represents sound [a].
The distinction of the phonological system between Bahasa Indonesia and English may result in phonological processes. Wolfram and Johnson (1984) states that a dynamic system in which units change as they come into contact with other units in the system is called a phonological process. According to Schane (1973), there are some variations of the English phonological process namely assimilation, syllable structure, weakening and strengthening, and neutralization.
There are three previous studies that examine the pronunciation changes produced by singers when they sing English song. Wahyuni (2012)  [ƞ] are pronounced differently by the vocalist as well as the two phonological process namely assimilation and deletion. Moreover, Khumaidi (2020) analyzes the pronunciation changes produced by metal vocalists. The study reveals that the metal technique used by the metal vocalists affects them to do the pronunciation changes and each of the metal vocalists do segment substitution, insertion, and deletion. It also finds that the impact of the application of the metal vocal technique makes the pronunciation of the vocalists difficult for listeners to hear it clearly.
Unlike those previous studies, this study will observe and discuss the pronunciation changes produced by Indonesian cover-singers when they are singing English songs on the YouTube channel as well as the type of phonological process.
As it is known that the Indonesian cover-singers do not use English as their mother tongue and there are some differences on segmental features between Bahasa Indonesia and English. The problem limitation on aspects that will be discussed in LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol. 11 No. 1 2021 this study is a phonological system with a focus on segmental features and also the phonological process. This problem limitation leads to several questions to be discussed further, namely 1). To what extent do the pronunciation of Indonesian cover-singers when they sing English songs on the YouTube channel? 2). What are the phonological processes that caused English pronunciation diversity produced by Indonesian cover singers on the YouTube channel?
As for the significance purpose, this study tries to elaborate the distinction of the phonological system between English and Bahasa Indonesia, and it is also expected that this study will improve the Indonesian singers' awareness in singing English songs with correct pronunciation.

Segmental Features
According to (Fraser, 2001;Carr, 2008), the study of the segmental features includes vowels and consonant allophones. Odden (2005) explains that a consonant is a sound other than a vowel. It is produced by restriction in the human vocal tract that blocks the airflow. In reverse, Fromkin et al (2014) states that the vowel is formed through the mouth and/or the nose with little restriction of airflow from the lungs. Meanwhile, Yule (2006) defines diphthong as the combination between vowel sounds. In English, there are 43 sounds which consist of 25 consonants, 12 vowels, and 5 diphthongs (Fromkin et al., 2014

Phonological Process
Phonological process is a process that occurs when a unit of sounds in a language changed to another sound in a system of language. Schane (1973) divides phonological processes into 4, namely assimilation, syllable structure, weakening and strengthening, and neutralization.

Assimilation
It is a process that makes the sound similar to the neighbor sounds. According to Schane (1973)

Syllabic Structure Process
According to Schane (1973), there are some types of syllabic structure process.
Deletion is a process in which a sound segment lost in others. It can occur in both consonants and vowels. For example, the sound [s] is omitted as in he's made.
Insertion is a process of adding a sound segment into a word. It can occur in both consonants and vowels. An example of insertion is when a schwa [ə] is inserted in a word grow [gəroʊ]. Coalesence is a process in which two or more sounds can be replaced by one sound. It can occur in both consonants and vowels. Weakening and Strengthening Schane (1973) states that weakening and strengthening occur when a shift in a simple syllabic structure contributes to a complex syllable structure and vice versa.
There are some types of weakening and strengthening process. Syncope refers to a condition when a vowel near a stressed vowel is deleted e.g, chocolate becomes choc'late. Meanwhile, apocope refers to a condition when there is a loss of the final unstressed vowel. The most common example of apocope is a schwa reduction, like an animal is pronunced as [aenɪml] instead of [aenɪ m(ə)l]. Vowel reduction is a process in which unstressed vowel become schwa, e.g. banana is pronounced as

METHOD
The qualitative method was used in this study because the result is properly conveyed in the form of detailed text. According to Hancock and Algozzine (2006) qualitative is a type of research method that requires interviews, focus groups, observation, and review of existing documents as a rich source of data. The goal is to recognize the phenomena that occur in the subject of this study. There were three subjects in this study, their names were abbreviated to maintain their confidentiality.
They were RM, AH, and HD. Those subjects were chosen since they liked to cover LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol. 11 No. 1 2021 both English and Indonesian songs on the YouTube channel. In addition, they got a lot of viewers on their cover videos, which was over 300 thousand views and they also had a different pronunciation with the original singers when they sang the selected English songs in this study. Here, the writer had selected the songs sung by American singers, because the American English accent was used as guidance in this study. The first singer was RM who sang "Memories" by Maroon Five. The second singer was AH who sang "Thank You Next" by Ariana Grande. The third singer was HD who sang "Comethru" by Jeremy Zucker.
In this study, documentation was used as a technique to collect the data because the form of data is in audio files of Indonesian cover-singers taken from YouTube and the transcript of the song's lyrics. The three audio files were gathered from the three different YouTube channels. Furthermore, the researcher was used as the intsrument to collect and interpret the data of this study. In the matter of analyzing a data, this study followed the data analysis technique by Miles et al. (2014), namely data condensation, data display, drawing and verifying conclusions.

The Pronunciation of Indonesian Cover-singers
The First Indonesian cover-singer (RM) The first Indonesian cover-singer named RM sung the song titled "Memories" by Maroon five and there were 26 words that pronounced differently by her.

The Third Indonesian Cover-singer (HD)
The third Indonesian cover-singer named HD sang a song titled "Comethru" by Jeremy Zucker. In singing the song, the researcher found that there were 12 words that pronounced differently by the third Indonesian cover-singer.

The Phonological Processes of the Indonesian Cover-singers' Pronunciation
The First Indonesian Cover-singer (RM) When the first Indonesian cover-singer pronounced the words differently from the original singer, as a result, there were 6 kinds of phonological processes that occurred. They were consonant deletion, vowel shift, consonant neutralization vowel coalescence, consonant insertion, and metathesis. Metathesis : There is only one word that undergoes metathesis namely felt. The first Indonesian cover-singer substitutes the final consonant cluster "lt" in the middle position of the word felt. This confirms Nuraini (2012) finding, in which she finds that in Bahasa Indonesia, the consonant cluster "lt" only appears in the medial position of a word, while in English, the consonant cluster "lt" appears in the final position. Therefore, the first Indonesian cover-singer does metathesis in the word felt to facilitate the pronunciation.

The Second Indonesian Cover-singer (AH)
When the second Indonesian cover-singer pronounced the words differently from the original singer, as a result, there were 6 kinds of phonological processes that occurred. They were consonant deletion, vowel shift, consonant neutralization, consonant insertion, assimilation, and diphtongization. Indonesia only appears in initial and medial position (Pallawa, 2013

The Third Indonesian Cover-singer (HD)
There were 5 types of phonological processes that occured when the third Indonesian cover-singer sung the song titled "Comethru". The phonological processes were consonant deletion, consonant neutralization, vowel shift, vowel coalescence, and consonant insertion. Indonesia only appears in initial and medial position (Pallawa, 2013 . Apart from the two reasons that make the pronunciation change when the Indonesian cover-singers sing English song, it also can be found that there are some sounds that still exist in the two languages (English and Bahasa Indonesia), but there is a similarity in the manner and place of articulation in a sound, also the similarity in the emergence of each sound in the three positions of a word. However, the Indonesian cover-singers still frequently do the pronunciation changes.

Suggestions
The results of this study are expected to broaden the area of linguistic, especially in the pronunciation of Indonesian singers when they singing English songs. With this study, it is expected to trigger the Indonesian cover-singers to sing the English songs with correct pronunciation by listening to the English songs in several times. In addition, the Indonesian cover singers' should improve the knowledge in speaking English. For the future study, the researcher expects more detailed analysis with another subject by using a different theory in phonology or another approach of linguistics.